治理贫困:家长主义对英国贫民学徒制的塑造Poverty Governance:The Shaping of Paternalism on the Apprenticeship of the British Poor
田好奇
摘要(Abstract)：
英国的贫民学徒制是中世纪以来的常规学徒制与同时期现实济贫需要相结合的产物。该制度的基本理念在于,劳动是防止陷入贫困的重要手段,因此要求贫民孩童去做学徒。该制度的实施过程,体现了包含治安法官、教区委员和济贫监督员在内的地方管理者重组贫民家庭的强制性要求,从而减少地区范围内救济贫困的经济成本,以达成符合地方共同利益的目标。该制度的运作是高度家长主义的,管理者在对贫民负有道德义务的同时,也享有惩罚性的权威。然而家长主义不仅仅是话语层面的追求,其受制于现实的经济条件,不得不在实践中做出妥协,并且随着新的生产方式的到来,贫民学徒制也遭遇了“家长制危机”。
关键词(KeyWords)： 贫民学徒;学徒制;济贫法;家长主义
基金项目(Foundation):
作者(Author): 田好奇
参考文献(References)：
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- (3)在莱恩的研究中,用“常规学徒制”(normal apprenticeship)来描述传统的学徒制,以区别于贫民学徒制,本文沿用这一区分方法。此外,由于贫民学徒制度大多依托教区进行管理,因此也常常被称为教区学徒制(parish apprenticeship)。See Joan Lane,Apprenticeship in England 1600-1914,UCL Press,1996,pp.219-221.
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